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  • Adenocarcinoma
    A cancer that originates in glandular tissue.
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  • Adenosine
    a biological compound found in every cell of the human body; released from cells when oxygen supply does not meet oxygen demand. Extracellular adenosine protects tissues from injury caused by oxygen deprivation
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  • Adult Stem Cell
    A cell present in adults that can generate a limited range of cell types as well as renew itself.
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  • Adverse Event
    Any adverse change in health or "side-effect" that occurs in a person participating in a clinical trial, from the time they consent to joining the trial until a pre-specified period of time after their treatment has been completed.
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  • Agonist
    A drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances, thus triggering a biochemical response.
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  • AIDS
    Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV.
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  • Alkylation Agent
    A compound that interferes with the cells DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth.
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  • Allogeneic
    Originating from someone other than the patient receiving treatment.
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  • Amino Acid
    A class of organic molecules that contains an amino group and can combine in linear arrays to form proteins in living organisms. There are 20 common amino acids: aline, arginine, aspargine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine histide, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. They are key components i
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  • Analgesic
    Agent that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness.
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  • Analogues
    Similar but slightly different in structure and origin or differs slightly in chemical composition.
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  • ANDA Abbreviated New Drug Application
    means an abbreviated new drug application, which is a marketing approval application for a generic drug submitted to the FDA.
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  • Angina
    means chest pain.
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  • Angiogenesis
    is a physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels.
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  • Angioplasty
    the surgical repair of a blood vessel.
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  • Antagonist
    A substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response.
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  • Anti Hypertensive
    Antihypertensive means blood pressure reducing. Antihypertensive therapy, prescription of antihypertensives drugs, is treatment to prevent stroke and other complications caused by the high blood pressure.
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  • Antibody
    A protein which is a natural part of the human immune system produced by specialized cells to neutralize antigens, including viruses and bacteria that invade the body. Each antibody producing cell manufactures a unique antibody that is directed against, binds to and eliminates one, and only one, specific type of antigen.
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  • Antigen
    Any substance which, upon entering the body, stimulates the immune system leading to the formation of antibodies. Among the more common antigens are bacteria, pollens, toxins, and viruses.
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  • API
    Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.
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  • Arrhythmia
    means irregular heart rhythm.
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  • Arteriosclerosis
    Diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls.
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  • Atherosclerosis
    Atherosclerosis, which is one of several types of arteriosclerosis, is a condition in which fatty material is deposited along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens and may eventually block the arteries.
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  • Autologous
    Originating from the patient receiving treatment.
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  • Balloon Angioplasty
    also known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is a nonsurgical method of clearing coronary and other arteries blocked by atherosclerotic plaque, fibrous and fatty deposits on the walls of arteries. A catheter with a balloon-like tip is threaded up from the arm or groin through the artery until it reaches the blocked area. The balloon is then inflated, flattening the plaque a
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  • Bioavailability
    means the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target in the body after administration
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  • Biologic Products
    Biologic products, like other drugs, are used for the treatment, prevention or cure of disease in humans. In contrast to chemically synthesized small molecular weight drugs, which have a well-defined structure and can be thoroughly characterized, biological products are generally derived from living material - human, animal, or microorganism - are complex in structure, and thus are usually not ful
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  • Biomarker
    A biomarker is a component of a cell that is uniquely or strongly associated with a particular feature of that cell. The detection of the biomarker in body fluid by an assay indicates that a particular cell is very likely to be present in the body.
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  • Bradycardia
    slow heart rate.
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  • Cancer
    A disease characterized by loss or enhancement of one or more mechanisms that regulate the growth of cells of a specific tissue. Loss of these control mechanisms or gain of abnormal mechanisms in a single cell that put cell growth into overdrive allows that cell to grow, invade local tissue, and to spread to other regions of the body. This spreading of altered cells to distant sites is the process
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  • Cancer Stem Cell
    cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample.
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  • Carcinomas
    A type of cancer that arises from the lining cells of the body, called epithelial cells. Epithelial cells form the outer layer of the skin, and the membranes lining the digestive tract, bladder and uterus, as well as the tubes and ducts that run through the bodys organs.
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  • Cardiovascular
    circulatory system, heart and arteries.
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  • Cardiovascular Disease CVD
    Cardiovascular disease, which includes all diseases of the circulatory system, including CAD/CHD, heart failure and diseases of the arteries
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  • Cell Growth
    Cell growth is the ability of an individual cell to reproduce by dividing into two cells. During normal development and subsequently during the life of the adult, this process is highly controlled. Loss of this control is the distinguishing feature of cancer cells. Although all cancer cells gain the capacity for uncontrolled growth, in most instances they retain many of the highly specialized feat
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  • Cellular Differentiation
    the process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function.
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  • Chemotherapy
    The treatment of a tumor through the use of various chemical compounds, especially cytotoxic agents, which prevent cellular proliferation and reduce tumor growth.
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  • Cholesterol
    A fat-like compound.
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  • Clinical Data
    Patient and other information collected and recorded during and as part of an ongoing clinical trial.
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  • Clinical Development
    Series of consequential studies regulated by the regulatory health authorities involving the trials of experimental drugs on humans with the aim of their possible introduction to the market. Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined. Phase I usually involves the initial introduction of the investigational drug into people to evalu
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  • Colonoscopy
    A procedure in which a long flexible viewing tube (a colonoscope) is threaded up through the rectum for the purpose of inspecting the entire colon and rectum and, if there is an abnormality, taking a biopsy of it or removing it.
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  • Complete Response Letter
    means a letter issued by the FDA communicating their decision to a drug company that its NDA or biological licensing application is not approvable as submitted. The submitting drug company is required to respond to the Complete Response Letter if it wishes to pursue an approval for its submission.
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  • Compound
    A homogenous chemical substance made up of two or more elements.
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  • Computer Aided Drug Design
    means a method for design of new therapeutic molecules using computer generated models of the drug and its molecular target.
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  • Confirmed Complete Remission CR
    The total disappearance of all evidence of disease using physical examination, laboratory studies and radiologic imaging and a criterion for evaluating the efficacy of a particular anti-cancer therapy.
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  • Controlled Clinical Trial
    A clinical study that compares patients receiving a specific treatment to patients receiving an alternate treatment for the condition of interest. The alternate treatment may be another active treatment, standard of care for the condition and/or a placebo (inactive) treatment.
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  • Coronary Artery Disease CAD
    Coronary artery disease, which is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.
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  • Coronary Heart Disease CHD
    Coronary heart disease, which is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.
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  • CRADA
    A CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) is a formal contractual mechanism by which a variety of federal government agencies may agree to work collaboratively with a non-governmental entity to study and advance a particular idea, observation, or process under a defined plan of work.
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  • CTA
    Clinical Trial Application
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  • Cytokine
    any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (such as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon) that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response. Also called chemokine.
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  • Cytotoxicity
    the quality of being toxic to cells.
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  • DEA Drug Enforcement Administration
    Drug Enforcement Administration, the United States federal government agency responsible for enforcement of drugs regulated by the FDA.
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  • Diagnostic
    Pertaining to the determination of the nature or cause of a disease or condition. Also refers to reagents or procedures used in diagnosis to measure proteins in a clinical sample.
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  • Dialysis
    is the process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. This job is normally done by the kidney and liver.
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  • DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
    a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA, which determines protein synthesis and the transmission of genetic information.
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  • Dopamine
    A monoamine C8H11NO2 that is a decarboxylated form of dopa and that occurs especially as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
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  • Double-Blind Clinical Trial
    Clinical trials in which neither the patient nor the physician know if the patient received the experimental treatment or a control/placebo.
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  • Drug
    Any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold or represented for use in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, disorder or abnormal physical state, or its symptoms, in human beings or animals.
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  • Drug Candidate
    A compound that has been selected for further development as a new drug.
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  • Endocrine
    endocrine system is a system of organs, each of which produces a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. Endocrine diseases are (diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, obesity).
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  • Endpoint
    In a clinical research trial, a clinical endpoint refers to occurrence of a disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality that constitutes one of the target outcomes of the trial. The results of a clinical trial generally indicate the number of people enrolled who reached the pre-determined clinical endpoint during the study interval, compared with the overall number of people who were enrolled
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  • Enzymes
    Groups of complex proteins produced by living cells which act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions.
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  • Fast Track
    Fast track designation is granted to expedite the review process of applications for approval of new drugs intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions where potential to address an unmet medical need is demonstrated.
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  • FDA Food and Drug Administration
    The Food and Drug Administration of the United States, which, among other functions, regulates medical devices and other therapeutic products used in the United States. The U.S. FDA ensures that medicines, medical devices, and radiation-emitting consumer products are safe and effective. Authorized by Congress to enforce the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and several other public health laws,
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  • Formulation
    An ingredient or mixture of specific ingredients; that is, drug substances and excipients in specific amounts, defining a given product (e.g. capsule, tablet or parenteral injection).
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  • Gene
    A gene is a unit of information that specifies the structure of one or more gene products. Collectively, genes determine the precise composition of all molecules needed for maintenance of the functions of life: reproduction, development, organization, growth and metabolism. Genes are often referred to as units of heredity because they pass on the information necessary for all characteristics of an
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  • Gene Products
    The products of genes are the thousands of different chemical structures, called molecules, needed for development of all cells. Most gene products are proteins. Most proteins are enzymes, molecules that can carry out work such as digesting and utilizing food for energy, signaling the cell to produce other gene products in response to changing conditions in the body, and controlling cell growth. W
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  • Genomics
    method of identifying target genes. The study, including sequencing, of molecules that carry an organisms genetic code (nucleic acids, DNA and RNA).
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  • Genotype
    the DNA gene sequence makeup that distinguishes one type of organism from another.
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  • Gland
    gland is an organ that produces hormones (Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Testis....).
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  • Glioblastoma Multiforme GBM
    GBM is the most common and most aggressive type of primary human brain cancer. The name derives from the fact that the brain cell that loses growth control and becomes a brain cancer cell is a glial cell (glioblastoma); as the altered glial cells grow without restraint, they take on many different shapes (multiforme).
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  • Good Manufacturing Practice GMP
    GMP regulations require that manufacturers, processors, and packagers of drugs, medical devices, some food, and blood take proactive steps to ensure that their products are safe, pure, and effective. GMP regulations require a quality approach to manufacturing, enabling companies to minimize or eliminate instances of contamination, mix-ups, and errors.
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  • Hazard Ratio HR
    The relative likelihood of experiencing a particular event. In a survival study, this is the relative likelihood of death. A hazard ratio (HR) of 0.5 indicates that one group has half the risk of the other group.
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  • HDL Cholesterol
    high density lipoprotein associated with cholesterol.
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  • Hematopoietic Stem Cells
    Stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types including myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells).
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  • Hemodialysis
    pertains to the use of a machine to clean wastes from blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood flows through a device called a dialyzer, which removes the wastes. The cleaned blood then flows back into the body.
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  • Hemofiltration Hemofiltrate
    "Hemofiltration" is a continuous dialysis therapy in which blood is pumped through a hollow-fiber cartridge and the liquid portion of blood containing substances is removed into the sink department. The liquid portion of the blood ("hemofiltrate") is discarded.
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  • Hepatitis
    is an inflammation of the liver caused by infectious or toxic agents.
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  • HIV
    Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV (also called HIV-1), a retrovirus, causes AIDS. A similar retrovirus, HIV-2, causes a variant disease, sometimes referred to as West African AIDS. HIV infection leads to the destruction of the immune system.
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  • HMO Health maintenance organization
    Health maintenance organization. Health care insurance organization. HMOs generally offer the most cost-efficient form of health care coverage.
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  • Homocysteine
    An amino acid produced by the body. Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood appear to have a link to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
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  • Hypercholesterolemia
    High blood cholesterol.
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  • Hyperlipoproteinemia
    An excess of lipoproteins in the blood.
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  • Immunocytochemistry
    A method of detecting cancer in tissues. Monoclonal antibodies are used to stain the tissues and cells before examination under a microscope.
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  • Immunogenic
    Compounds that show toxicity levels equally at given doses.
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  • Immunoglobulin IgG
    IgG or Immunoglobulin are proteins found in human blood. This protein is called an "antibody" and is an important part of the bodys defense against disease. When the body is attacked by harmful bacteria or viruses, antibodies help fight these invaders.
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  • In-vitro
    refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a test tube, or, generally, in a controlled environment outside a living organism.
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  • In-vivo
    refers that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of in-vivo research.
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  • Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier IMPD
    An IMPD is now required to accompany an application to perform clinical trials in any European Member State. It provides a summary of information on the quality of the product being evaluated in a clinical trial planned to occur in a European Member State, including reference products and placebos. It also provides data from non-clinical studies and available previous clinical experience with the
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  • Investigational New Drug IND
    An application that a drug sponsor must submit to FDA before beginning tests of a new drug on humans. The IND contains the plan for the study and is supposed to give a complete picture of the drug, including its structural formula, animal test results, and manufacturing information.
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  • Isotoxic
    Compounds that show toxicity levels equally at given doses.
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  • LDL
    Low-density lipoprotein.
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  • Leucopenia
    A low white blood cell count, or leucopenia, is a decrease in disease-fighting cells (leukocytes) circulating in your blood.
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  • Lysate
    the cellular debris and fluid produced by the disintegration of a cell resulting from the destruction of its membrane by a chemical substance, especially an antibody or enzyme.
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  • Lysates
    are a variety of cell and tissue used as positive controls for our antibodies.
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  • Mammography
    An X-ray of the breast with the breast in a device that compresses and flattens it.
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  • Marker
    Indicator of the presence of a specific kind of tumor, identifiable by means of specific laboratory tests.
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  • Mast Cells
    inflammatory cells containing special cytoplasm granules which store mediators of inflammation, including histamine. Upon their activation through both immune and nonimmune mechanisms, mast cells release these mediators into the extracellular space. Mast cell mediator release is most significant in either acute inflammation or in allergic responses. Under normal conditions, mature mast cells are n
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  • Maximum Tolerated Dose
    The highest nontoxic dose that can be reasonably given to patients.
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  • Metastasis
    Metastasis is the process by which cancers acquire the ability to spread to other parts of the body by entry and dissemination through the blood and/or lymph systems. The devastating aspect of metastasis is the ability of the cancer cells to grow in a new environment (new tissue) Examples are the metastasis of breast cancer cells to the brain and liver and prostate cancer cells to bone. Cure of ca
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  • Milestone
    A scheduled event that is used to measure progress toward a final set target.
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  • Molecule
    The smallest amount of a specific chemical substance that can exist alone - to break a molecule down into its constituent atoms is to change its character - molecule of water, for instance, reverts to oxygen and hydrogen.
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  • Monoclonal Antibody
    Antibodies that have identical molecular structure and bind to a specific target. The inherent selectivity of monoclonal antibodies makes them ideally suited for targeting specific cells, such as cancer cells or certain viruses, while bypassing most normal tissue.
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  • Mutation
    A mutation is a change in one or more building blocks of a gene. Some changes can be tolerated without altering the integrity (function) of the product of the gene but other changes can result in cancer.
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  • NDA or New Drug Application
    When the sponsor of a new drug believes that enough evidence on the drugs safety and effectiveness has been obtained to meet FDAs requirements for marketing approval, the sponsor submits to FDA a new drug application (NDA). The application must contain data from specific technical viewpoints for review, including chemistry, pharmacology, medical, biopharmaceutics, and statistics. If the NDA is app
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  • Neuroscience
    is the scientific study of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and retina.)
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  • Neurotransmitter
    A substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse.
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  • Neutropenia
    An abnormally low count of neutrophils, white blood cells that protect your body from bacteria and fungi. Neutrophils usually constitute about 45 to 75% of all white blood cells in the bloodstream.
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  • Nucleic Acid
    DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic acid) or RNA (ribo-nucleic acid). Polymeric chains of nucleotides whose particular sequence constitutes an organisms genetic code (DNA and genomic RNA) or that participate in the biosynthesis of new protein molecules (other types of RNA such as messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA).
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  • Off-Label
    Use of a drug for a disease or condition other than the indication for which it was approved by a regulatory authority, such as the FDA or EMEA.
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  • Oncology
    Branch of medicine which studies the characteristics of tumors, their classification, diagnosis and therapy.
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  • Open-label Clinical Trial
    A trial in which both the treating physician and the patient know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or control/placebo treatment.
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  • Orphan Drug
    refers to a drug or biologic that is intended for use in the treatment of a rare disease or condition. Orphan drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) qualifies the sponsor to receive certain benefits from the Government in exchange for developing the drug for a rare disease or condition. The drug must then go through the FDA marketing approval process like any other drug or
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  • Osteoarthritis
    A degenerative disease associated with long-term wear primarily on weight bearing joints.
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  • Osteonecrosis
    A progressive bone disease characterized by death of bony tissue due to insufficient blood flow within the bone.
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  • Paediatric Exclusivity
    means, in the US, a six-month period of exclusivity to market a drug which is awarded by the FDA in return for certain paediatric clinical studies using that drug. This six-month period runs from the date of relevant patent expiry.
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  • Partial Remission PR
    A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment.
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  • Passive Immunotherapy
    Immunologically active material transferred into the patient as a passive recipient. Monoclonal antibodies are considered Passive Immunotherapy since antibodies are generated outside the body and given to the patient
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  • Patent Term Extension
    means an extension of up to five years in the term of a US patent relating to a drug which compensates for delays in marketing resulting from the need to obtain FDA approval.
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  • Pathogen
    an infectious organism (bacteria, viruses, molds and fungi, prions) that when invading a host causes a disease. Pathogens may be transmitted through food, water, air, and/or contact with infected individuals or their biological fluids.
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  • PBM
    Pharmacy Benefit Management The PBM business provides a full range of prescription benefit management services to managed care and other organizations. These services include plan design and administration, formulary management, mail order pharmacy services, claims processing and generic substitution. The PBM business also includes our Pharmacy operations.
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  • Pharmacokinetics
    Branch of pharmacology which studies the behavior of compounds in living organisms by means of the evaluation of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) of the drug in a living organism. If the tests are carried out using toxic doses, the appropriate term is toxicokinetics.
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  • Pharmacology
    The branch of science that studies the mechanism of action or pharmacologic effect of drugs in the body.
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  • Phase I Clinical Trial
    means the phase of clinical research where a new drug or treatment is tested in small groups of people (20 to 80) to check that the drug can achieve appropriate concentrations in the body, determine a safe dosage range and identify side effects. This phase includes healthy volunteer studies.
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  • Phase II Clinical Trial
    A Phase II trial represents a study in a moderate number of patients to assess the safety and efficacy of a product
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  • Phase IIb Clinical Trial
    A Phase IIb trial is a moderately-sized Phase II study that is more specifically designed assess the efficacy of a product than a Phase IIa trial.
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  • Phase III Clinical Trial
    means the phase of clinical research which is performed to gather additional information about effectiveness and safety of the drug, often in a comparative setting, to evaluate the overall benefit/ risk profile of the drug. Phase III studies usually include between several hundred and several thousand patients.
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  • Phenotype
    for microorganisms, the functional responses or observable characteristics that differentiate one set of organisms from another within the same species. The basis for strain differentiation based on observable behavior or properties other than those expressed in the genotype.
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  • Pivotal study or Pivotal trial
    Clinical trial on which a drugs safety and efficacy is based and which provides the data that the FDA uses to decide whether or not to approve a drug. A pivotal study will generally be a phase III, well-controlled, randomized trial.
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  • Plasma
    is the clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood. Plasma differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements.
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  • PMA Pre-Marketing Approval
    Pre-Marketing Approval -FDA approval classification for a medical device that is not substantially equivalent to a legally marketed device or is otherwise required by statute to have an approved application. Rapid HIV tests must have an approved PMA application before marketing of such a product can begin.
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  • Pooled Analysis
    Pooled analysis means combining analyses from more than one clinical trial.
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  • Pre-clinical
    refers to research that is performed in animals or tissues in the laboratory.
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  • Preclinical Data
    Data collected from studies performed in the laboratory or in animals, which is used to predict the potential safety, tolerability, and activity of a potential drug before it has entered clinical trials in humans.
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  • Preclinical Development
    Laboratory tests (in vitro and in vivo) before testing on humans. This phase involves in vitro and in vivo experimentation to evaluate the activity and toxicity of the compounds and the first stages in the study of the formulation.
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  • Product Candidate
    A pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical substance in any phase of research and development between initial research and the completion of the clinical trials and market approval.
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  • Prognosis
    Prognosis refers to the likely course of a disease at specific stage of development. For example, a breast or prostate cancer that is not confined to the tissue of origin, e.g. is also present in a lymph node when first detected, has a greater likelihood of recurrence, a worse prognosis, than if it were confined to the tissue of origin.
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  • Prospective Clinical Trial
    A clinical trial in which participants are identified and then followed for a period of time during and after the conclusion of a clinical trial.
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  • Proteins
    Proteins are molecules that have many functions important to the nature and behavior of the cell. Many proteins are enzymes that regulate and integrate a myriad of biochemical processes essential to life.
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  • Protocol
    A detailed plan for conducting a research study such as a clinical trial.
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  • PS2 Patient
    A poor performance status patient. Performance status (PS) is a measure of disease symptoms defined by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. It is rated on a scale from PS0 to PS5. Patients who are considered "good performance status" or PS0 or PS1 have minimal or no symptoms of disease and are able to maintain their activities of daily living. Patients with performance status 2 or greater are c
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  • Qualified Person
    A technical term used in European Union pharmaceutical regulation (Directive 2001/83/EC for Medicinal products for human use); the regulations specify that no batch of medicinal product can be released for sale or supply prior to certification by a QP that the batch is in accordance with the relevant requirements. The QP is typically a licensed pharmacist, biologist or chemist (or a person with an
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  • Radiolabeling
    Process of attaching a radioactive isotope, such as Iodine 131.
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  • Radiopharmaceutical
    A radioactive compound used in radiotherapy or diagnosis.
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  • Randomized Clinical Trial
    A clinical trial in which the participants are assigned randomly to different treatment groups.
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  • Reagent
    A chemical added to a sample under investigation in order to cause a chemical or biological reaction which will enable measurement or identification of a target substance.
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  • Receptor
    a protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that is the binding sites of ligands, including agonists and antagonists.
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  • RECIST
    Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, a US standard.
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  • Recombinant
    Novel DNA made by genetic engineering.
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  • Refractory
    Not responsive to the relevant treatment.
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  • Regeneration
    Means regrowth of lost or destroyed parts or organs.
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  • Regulatory Health Authorities
    The authorities which regulate the various stages of experimentation (pre-clinical and clinical) of potential pharmaceutical products and grant/revoke the relative authorization for marketing and sale of the products. In Italy the relevant authority is the Ministry of Health (Ministero della Sanit?) and the Superior Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore della Sanit?), in Europe, the European Age
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  • Renal Kidney
    Renal physiology is the study of kidney function.
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  • Resistance
    Capability of virus to become less sensitive to the effect of compounds which are intended to weaken them.
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  • Respiratory
    Respiratory system includes airways, lungs, and the respiratorymuscles.
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  • Retrovirus
    A type of virus which contains the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase and is capable of transforming infected cells to produce diseases in the host such as AIDS.
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  • Second-line
    Treatment following first-line treatment; used if the initial treatment is unsuccessful or if the disease re-occurs.
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  • Sensitivity
    the smallest quantity of analyte that the assay can detect. Same as "Limit Of Detection." Statistically, the proportion of false negatives reported for a population sample.
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  • Side-Effect
    Any adverse change in health or that occurs in a person participating in a clinical trial, from the time they consent to joining the trial until a pre-specified period of time after their treatment has been completed.
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  • Small Molecule Drug
    A medicinal drug compound having a molecular weight of less than 1,000 Daltons, and typically between 300 and 700 Daltons.
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  • Somatic Cell
    Any of the cells responsible for forming the body of an organism such as internal organs, bones, skin, connective tissues and blood.
    Health Care Term
  • Special Protocol Assessment or SPA
    The SPA process allows for an agreement between companies and the FDA on the design of a study, including clinical drug supply, pivotal trial design, clinical endpoints, conduct, data analysis, and other clinical trial issues, and is intended to provide assurance that if pre-specified trial results are achieved, they may serve as the primary basis for an efficacy claim in support of an NDA.
    Health Care Term
  • Spectrophotometer
    A diagnostic medical procedure that uses high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic visual images of organs, tissues or blood flow inside the body
    Health Care Term
  • Standard of Care Treatment
    The treatment normally prescribed in medical practice for a particular illness, injury or procedure.
    Health Care Term
  • Stem Cell
    Unspecialized (undifferentiated) cells that retain the ability to divide throughout a lifetime and give rise to more specialized (differentiated) cells which take the place of cells that die or are lost. In culture, these undifferentiated cells possess the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and may give rise to highly specialized cells.
    Health Care Term
  • Stenting
    Stenting is a medical procedure that uses tiny mesh tubes to support artery walls to keep the vessels open.
    Health Care Term
  • Sterol
    A family of fat-like compounds that include cholesterol.
    Health Care Term
  • Strain Bacterial
    variants or phenotypes of a bacterial species that exhibit significant characteristics that allow discrimination of one strain from another. In clinical application usually distinguished on the basis of disease severity, toxic products, antibiotic resistance, and other medically relevant properties.
    Health Care Term
  • T cell
    any of several closely related lymphocytes, developed in the thymus, which circulate in the blood and lymph and orchestrate the immune systems response to infected or malignant cells.
    Health Care Term
  • Therapeutic
    A medical treatment or curative product for a disease.
    Health Care Term
  • Therapeutic Products Directorate TPD
    The Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada, which, among other functions, regulates medical devices and other therapeutic products used in Canada.
    Health Care Term
  • Toxicity
    A condition that results from exposure to a poison or to poisonous amounts of a substance that does not cause side effects in smaller amounts, but can exert harmful side effects in large doses.
    Health Care Term
  • Tuberculosis TB
    is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs
    Health Care Term
  • Unconfirmed complete remission CRu
    The patient has achieved a complete remission, but may not have a completely clean bone marrow test.
    Health Care Term
  • Urology
    Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts and on the reproductive system. The organs covered by urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis).
    Health Care Term
  • Vaccine
    A suspension of living, attenuated or killed microorganisms or genetic material administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious or hereditary diseases.
    Health Care Term
  • Vascular
    arteries, veins, vessels that carry or circulate blood.
    Health Care Term
  • Vascular Access
    Vascular Access is the means of entering the vasculature percutaneously in order to place a variety of catheters. Vascular Access can be either venous or arterial in nature and can occur at various points of the body. The most typical vascular access points are femoral (groin), subclavian (upper chest), internal and external jugular (neck), brachial and radial (arm).
    Health Care Term
  • Vasoactivity
    Affecting blood vessels especially in respect to the degree of their relaxation or contraction.
    Health Care Term
  • WBC
    an abbreviation for white blood cell count. The white blood cells are analyzed from a blood sample collected as part of a standard protocol for patients suspected of having appendicitis who have entered the Emergency Department of a hospital.
    Health Care Term
  • Western Blot Analysis
    A technique used to identify and locate proteins based on their ability to bind to specific antibodies.
    Health Care Term
  • WHO
    World Health Organization, the United Nations specialised agency for health.
    Health Care Term
  • Xenograft
    The cells of one species transplanted to another species.
    Health Care Term