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Aggregates
Crushed stone, one of the most accessible natural resources, is a major basic raw material used by construction, agriculture, and other industries that utilize complex chemical and metallurgical processes. Construction sand and gravel, one of the most accessible natural resources and a major basic raw material, is used mostly by the construction industry. Construction - Raw Materials Industry Oper
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Agitation Leach Plant
A processing plant that recovers copper and other metals by passing a slurry of finely ground ores mixed with acidic solutions through a series of continuously stirred tanks. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Alloy
A compound of two or more metals. Operating Statistics
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Alumina
The calcined product from an alumina refinery containing at least 98% aluminum oxide. Operating Statistics
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Aluminum
A light, malleable metal that is a good conductor of electricity. Operating Statistics
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Anode
A positively charged metal sheet, usually lead, on which oxidation occurs. During the electro-refining process, the anodes are impure copper sheets from the smelting process that require further processing to produce refined copper cathodes.
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Anode Furnace
A furnace in which blister copper is refined into anode copper.
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Anode Slime
A deposit of insoluble residue formed from the dissolution of the anode in commercial electrolysis. In copper refining, this slime contains the precious metals that are recovered from it.
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Anti-Oxidants
A chemical compound that inhibits oxygen?s corrosive effects on metal in a system.
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Asbestos
is a generic name given to six fibrous minerals that have been used in commercial products. The six types of asbestos are chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, and actinolite asbestos. Several properties that make asbestos so versatile and cost effective are high tensile strength, chemical and thermal stability, high flexibility, low electrical conductivity,
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Backlog
Unfilled customer orders for products and product services Operating Statistics
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Bauxite
A general term for a rock composed of a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxides and hydroxides and generally contaminated with compounds of iron. It is the main ore from which aluminum is produced. The principal aluminum hydroxide minerals found in varying proportions with bauxites are gibbsite and the polymorphs boehmite and diaspore. Bauxites are typically classified according to their intended comm
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Bayer Process
The process of removing pure alumina from bauxite ore by heating it in a caustic soda solution, removing impurities from the solution and precipitating the alumina which is washed to remove any remaining caustic and then calcined to remove the chemically combined water, leaving pure alumina.
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Beneficiation
The process of removing pure alumina from bauxite ore by heating it in a caustic soda solution, removing impurities from the solution and precipitating the alumina which is washed to remove any remaining caustic and then calcined to remove the chemically combined water, leaving pure alumina.
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Blast Hole Open Stoping
A low cost bulk method of mining suitable for large, regularly shaped and steeply dipping ore bodies. Blast holes are drilled in a fan-like pattern into the ore body and are then loaded with explosives and detonated. The broken ore is either removed by load-haul-dump machines or by rail cars.
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Blasting
A technique to break ore in an underground or open-pit mine.
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Blister Copper
A crude form of copper (assaying about 99%) produced in a smelter that requires further refining before being used for industrial purposes. The name is derived from the large blisters that form on the cast surface as a result of sulphur dioxide and other gases escaping from the copper during the smelting process. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Block Cave
A general term used to describe an underground mining method where the extraction of ore depends largely on the action of gravity. By continuously removing a thin horizontal layer at the bottom mining level of the ore column, the vertical support of the ore column is removed and the ore then caves by gravity.
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By Product
A secondary metal or mineral product that is recovered along with the primary metal or mineral during the ore concentration process. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Calcined
To be heated to a high temperature, but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture, reduction or oxidation or thermal decomposition (a chemical reaction where a single compound breaks up into two or more simpler compounds or elements when heated).
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Casting Metal
The act of pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Cathode
The negative electrode in an electrolysis reaction. For copper refining, the cathode is where the refined copper is deposited. For aluminum smelting, the cathode is known as the pot lining. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Caustic Soda
1
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Coating
A thin layer of organic or inorganic material added to paper for various purposes, such as improving softness.
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Cobalt Co
is a metal used in numerous diverse commercial, industrial, and military applications, many of which are strategic and critical. On a global basis, the leading use of cobalt is in rechargeable battery electrodes. Superalloys, which are used to make parts for gas turbine engines, are another major use for cobalt. Cobalt is also used to make airbags in automobiles; catalysts for the petroleum and ch
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Copper
is usually found in nature in association with sulfur. Pure copper metal is generally produced from a multistage process, beginning with the mining and concentrating of low-grade ores containing copper sulfide minerals, and followed by smelting and electrolytic refining to produce a pure copper cathode. An increasing share of copper is produced from acid leaching of oxidized ores. Copper is one of
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Copper Anode
In a copper smelter, the blister copper which has undergone further refinement to remove impurities. In an anode furnace, the blister copper is blown with air and natural gas to upgrade its purity to approximately 99.0% for copper. It is then cast into copper slabs that are shipped to an electrolytic refinery. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Copper Cathode
The 99.99% pure copper deposited on the cathode in a copper refinery. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Copper Concentrate
Product of the flotation process, which is a process for concentrating the metal-bearing mineral in an ore, with a copper content typically ranging between 24% and 40%. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Cordless and VoIP
Cordless and Voice Over Internet Protocol. A cordless and VoIP terminal operating on a wireless local area network allows cordless telephony on private networks.
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Corrosion
A process that attacks the metal in a system, gradually destroying it.
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Cut off Grade
The lowest grade of mineralized material considered economic to mine. Cut-off grade is used in the calculation of the ore reserves for a given deposit. When percentages are above grade, the material would be processed. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Digital
A form of transmission where data is represented by a series of bits or discrete values such as 0 and 1.
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Diode
A semiconductor that allows currents to flow in one direction only. Semiconductors Industry
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Discrete Semiconductors
Unlike integrated circuits, which contain up to tens of millions of transistors, discrete semiconductors are single devices, usually with two terminals (diodes) or three terminals (transistors). These are either applied as peripheral components on printed circuit boards, or used for special purposes such as very high power applications. Semiconductors Industry
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Electro Optic Materials
Electro-optic materials are materials that are engineered at the molecular level. Molecular level engineering is commonly referred to as "nanotechnology."
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Electrolysis
A process of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them.
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Electrolytic Plant
A plant that processes purifying metal ingots that are suspended as anodes in an electrolytic bath, alternated with refined sheets of the same metal which act as starters or cathodes.
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Environment Impact Assessment
A formal process used to predict the environmental consequences of any development project so as to ensure that the potential problems are foreseen and addressed at an early stage in the projects planning and design.
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Filtration
The process of separating solids from a liquid by means of a porous substance through which only the liquid passes.
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Fine Ounce
An Ounce of 100% pure gold. The number of Fine Ounces in a gold bar may be calculated by multiplying the gross weight in Ounces by the fineness, expressed as a fraction of the fine metal content in parts per 1000. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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FSC Forest Stewardship Council
The Forest Stewardship Council is an international non-profit organization that supports environmentally appropri- ate management of the worlds forests. It promotes an international labeling scheme for forest products, which provides a guarantee that the product comes from a well-managed forest, and meets internationally recognized criteria of forest stewardship. Forestry & Wood Products Industry
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Galvanizing
The process of coating iron or steel with rust-resistant zinc. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Gold
Most of the gold that is fabricated today goes into the manufacture of jewelry. However, because of its superior electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion and other desirable combinations of physical and chemical properties, gold also emerged in the late 20th century as an essential industrial metal. Gold performs critical functions in computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet
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Grade Ore
The percentage of metal content in ore. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Graphite
is a soft, crystalline form of carbon. Other forms are diamond and fullerenes ("buckyballs"). It is gray to black, opaque, and has a metallic luster. It is flexible but not elastic. Graphite occurs naturally in metamorphic rocks such as marble, schist, and gneiss. It exhibits the properties of a metal and a nonmetal, which make it suitable for many industrial applications. The metallic properties
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Gypsum
one of the most widely used minerals in the world, literally surrounds us every day. Most gypsum in the United States is used to make wallboard for homes, offices, and commercial buildings. Gypsum is used worldwide in concrete for highways, bridges, buildings, and many other structures that are part of our everyday life. Gypsum also is used extensively as a soil conditioner on large tracts of land
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High Grade Ore
High percentage of metal content in ore. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Hydrate
A compound which contains water molecules that are either bound to a metal center or crystallized with the metal complex.
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Hydrometallurgical
The treatment of metal or the separation of metal from ores and ore concentrates by liquid processes, such as leaching, extraction and precipitation to extract and recover metals from their ores. Operating Statistics
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I-joist
An "I"-shaped engineered wood structural product designed for use in residential and light commercial floor and roof construction. The product is prefabricated using sawn lumber flanges and wood panel webs, bonded together with exterior grade adhesives. Forestry & Wood Products Industry Operating Statistics
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Ingot
A mass of metal, such as a bar or block, that is cast in a standard shape, typically meeting international specifications such as the LME futures contract specifications, to facilitate handling, storage, shipping, trading or smelting and fabricating.
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Iron
Iron ore is the term applied to a natural iron-bearing mineral in which the content of iron is sufficient to be commercially usable. Metallic iron, from which steel is derived, must be extracted from iron ore. Thousands of products having various chemical composition, forms, and sizes are made of iron and steel by casting, forging, and rolling processes. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Iron Ore
Iron ore is a mineral substance which, when heated in the presence of a reductant, will yield metallic iron (Fe). It almost always consists of iron oxides, the primary forms of which are magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (Fe2O3). Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the worlds iron and steel industries. It is therefore essential for the production of steel, which in turn is essential to maintai
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Kyanite
In the conversion to mullite are heat-resistant materials used in high-temperature applications such as furnaces, boilers, ladles, and kilns, in the metallurgical, glass, chemical, cement, and other industries.
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Leach Stockpiles
A quantity of leachable ore placed on a leach pad or in another suitable location that permits leaching and collection of solutions that contain solubilized metal. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Leaching
A chemical process by which a soluble metallic compound is extracted from ore by dissolving the metals in a solvent. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Lead
A heavy, soft, malleable, ductile but inelastic bluish-white metallic element found mostly in combination with zinc and used in pipes, cable sheaths, batteries, solder, type metal, and shields against radioactivity.
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Lead Concentrate
Product of the flotation process which separates the lead and other minerals from the ore to form a concentrate with a lead content typically ranging between 50% to 60%.
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LED Light Emitting Diode
Light Emitting Diode. A semiconductor device which converts electricity into light.
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Life-of-Mine
The remaining life of a mine in years calculated by deducting the scheduled production rates (that is, the rate at which material will be removed from the mine) from the current defined reserves.
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London Good Delivery Standards
The specifications for weight, dimensions, fineness (or purity), identifying marks and appearance of gold bars. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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m3
Cubic metre. A measure of volume equal to approximately 1,130 square feet (3/8-inch basis).
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MACT
Maximum Achievable Control Tech- nology. Regulations being introduced in the US to limit the discharge of hazard- ous air pollutants.
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Manufacturers Manufacturing
Establishments in the manufacturing sector are often described as plants, factories, or mills, and characteristically use power-driven machines and material-handling equipment. Manufacturing establishments may process materials, or may contract with other establishments to process their materials for them. Both types of establishments are included in manufacturing.
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Matte
The product produced in smelting sulphide ores of copper and lead or the smelting of copper bearing materials, usually in a reverberatory furnace.
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Mbf
Measurement for Lumber products equal to a thousand board feet. Operating Statistics
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MDF Medium density fibreboard
A panel- board produced by chemically bonding highly refined wood fibres of uniform size under heat and pressure. Operating Statistics
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Metallurgy
The science of separating metals and metallic minerals from their ores by mechanical and chemical processes.
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Metcoke
Metallurgical coke which is produced by the carbonization of coals or coal blends at temperatures up to 1400 K (1127 degrees Celsius) to produce a macroporous carbon material of high strength and relatively large lump size.
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Microcontroller
A microprocessor combined with memory and interface integrated on a single circuit and intended to operate as an embedded system. Semiconductors Industry
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Microparticles
Entities with linear dimensions in the magnitude range from fractions to hundreds of micrometers.
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Mill Ore
A plant in which ore is treated and metals are recovered or prepared for smelting; also a revolving drum used for the grinding of ores in preparation for treatment. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Mineral Deposits
A mineralized underground body that has been intersected by a sufficient number of closely-spaced drill holes and/ or underground sampling to support sufficient tonnage and ore grade to warrant further exploration or development. Mineral deposits or mineralized materials do not qualify as a commercially mineable ore reserves (for example, probable reserves or proven reserves), as prescribed under
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Mineralization
The process by which a mineral is introduced into a rock, resulting in concentration of minerals that may form a valuable or potentially valuable deposit. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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MMbf
Measurement for Lumber products equal to a million board feet. Operating Statistics
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MMsf
Measurement for panel products equal to a million square feet. Operating Statistics
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MMsf 3 to 8-inch basis
Measurement for panel products equal to a million square feet, 3/8-inch thick. Operating Statistics
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Modified Sub-level Caving
A technique of mining whereby the ore is extracted via a system of horizontal underground mine tunnels. It is normally used for large, steeply dipping ore bodies. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Molybdenite
A black, platy, disulfide of molybdenum. It is the most common ore of molybdenum. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Molybdenum (Mo)
is a refractory metallic element used principally as an alloying agent in steel, cast iron, and superalloys to enhance hardenability, strength, toughness, and wear and corrosion resistance. To achieve desired metallurgical properties, molybdenum, primarily in the form of molybdic oxide or ferromolybdenum, is frequently used in combination with or added to chromium, columbium (niobium), manganese,
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Msf
Measurement for panel products equal to a thousand square feet. Operating Statistics
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Msf 3 to 8-inch basis
Measurement for panel products equal to a thousand square feet, 3/8-inch thick. Operating Statistics
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology refers to the development of products and production processes at the molecular level, which is a scale smaller than 100 nanometers (a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter).
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Nickel
A silvery-white metal that is very resistant and stable at ambient temperatures. Nickel is a transition element that exhibits a mixture of ferrous and nonferrous metal properties. It is both siderophile (i.e., associates with iron) and chalcophile (i.e., associates with sulfur). Nickel is primarily sold for first use as refined metal (cathode, powder, briquet, etc.) or ferronickel. Iron & Steel In
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Nitrogen N
Nitrogen is commercially recovered from the air as ammonia, which is produced by combining nitrogen in the atmosphere with hydrogen from natural gas. Ammonia is converted to other nitrogen compounds, the most important of which are urea (NH2CONH2), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]. With the exception of nitric acid, these compounds are widely used as
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Non-ferrous
Any metal other than iron or metal alloy, whose principal constituent is not iron. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Open Pit Mine
A mine that is entirely on the surface. Also referred to as an open-cut or open-cast mine.
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Ore
A mineral or aggregate of minerals containing precious or useful minerals in such quantities, grade and chemical combination to make extraction economic. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Ore Body
A mineral or aggregate of minerals containing precious or useful minerals in such quantities, grade and chemical combination to make extraction economic. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Ore Reserves
The calculated tonnage and grade of mineralization that can be extracted profitably; classified as proven and probable according to the level of confidence that can be placed in the data. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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OSB Oriented strand board
Oriented strand board. An engineered structural wood panel produced by chemically bonding wood strands in a uniform direction under heat and pressure. Operating Statistics
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Ounce
A troy ounce, equal to 1.0971428 ounces avoirdupois. "Avoirdupois" is the system of weights used in the U.S. and Great Britain for goods other than precious metals, gems and drugs. In that system, a pound has 16 ounces and an ounce has 16 drams. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Overburden Mining
Waste material overlying ore in an open-pit mine. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Oxide
Oxide Untitled Document Oxide That portion of a mineral deposit within which sulphide minerals have been oxidized, usually by surface weathering processes.
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Panelboards
Oriented strand board, particleboard, medium density fibreboard and plywood. Operating Statistics
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Particleboard
A panelboard produced by chemically bonding clean sawdust, small wood particles and recycled wood fibre under heat and pressure. Forestry & Wood Products Industry Operating Statistics
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Particulate Matter
Total suspended particulate. A measure of the solid particles (wood, process dust and smoke) found in air emissions.
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Particulates
Tiny particles of a substance.
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Patented Claim
A mining claim or land to which a deed has been secured from the government in compliance with the laws relating to such claims.
Manufacturing Term
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Pitch
A viscous liquid derived from plant or petroleum products used as a binder for the production of carbon anodes, required in the aluminum smelting process.
Manufacturing Term
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Platinum
Platinums wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of s
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Plywood
A panelboard produced by gluing together thin layers of solid wood veneers. Operating Statistics
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Polymerization
Polymerization is a molecular engineering process that provides the environmental and thermal stability necessary for functional electro-optical devices. Polymer materials can be engineered and optimized using nanotechnology to create a system in which unique surface, electrical, chemical and electro-optic characteristics can be controlled.
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Polymers
Polymers, also known as plastics, are large carbon-based molecules that bond many small molecules together to form a long chain. Polymer materials can be engineered and optimized using nanotechnology to create a system in which unique surface, electrical, chemical and electro-optic characteristics can be controlled. Materials based on polymers are used in a multitude of industrial and consumer pro
Manufacturing Term
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Porphyry
A deposit in which minerals of copper, molybdenum, gold or, less commonly, tungsten and tin are disseminated or occur in stock-work of small veinlets within a large mass of hydro-thermally altered igneous rock. The host rock is commonly an intrusive porphyry, but other rocks intruded by a porphyry can also be hosts for ore minerals.
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Potash
is used primarily as an agricultural fertilizer (plant nutrient) because it is a source of soluble potassium, one of the three primary plant nutrients; the others are fixed nitrogen and soluble phosphorus. Potash and phosphorus are mined products, and fixed nitrogen is produced from the atmosphere by using industrial processes. Chemical Manufacturing Industry
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Pre Baked
A type of aluminum smelting technology using anodes composed of blocks of solid carbon that are baked before use in the smelting pot, as opposed to anodes that are being baked during the reduction process. Metal Mining Industry
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Precious Metals
High value metals including gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Metal Mining Industry
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Probable Reserves
Reserves for which quantity and grade and are computed from information similar to that used for proven reserves, but the sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation. Metal Mining Industry
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Pyrometallurgical
Pertaining to metallurgical operations that involve processing temperatures above ambient conditions, generally involving chemical reactions as distinct from metal casting substantially which involves only a physical transformation, such as, solidification. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Recovery
The percentage of valuable metal in the ore that is recovered by metallurgical treatment.
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Refining
The final stage of production in which remaining impurities are removed. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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RF Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency. A high frequency used in telecommunications. The term radio frequency refers to alternating current having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications.
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RT Receiver Transmitter
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. An integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Computer Hardware Industry
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Salt
also known as sodium chloride, has many end uses. Salt is used as feedstock for chlorine and caustic soda manufacture; these two inorganic chemicals are used to make many consumer-related end-use products, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic made from chlorine and paper-pulping chemicals manufactured from caustic soda. Chemical Manufacturing Industry
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Sampling
Selecting a fractional but representative part of a mineral deposit for analysis.
Manufacturing Term
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Scrap Iron and Steel
Iron and steel scrap is a vital raw material for the production of new steel and cast-iron products. Steel scrap recycling conserves raw materials, energy, and landfill space. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Semiconductors
Generic term for devices such as transistors and integrated circuits that control the flow of electrical signals. The most common semiconductor material for use in integrated circuits is silicon. Semiconductors Industry
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Shaft
A vertical or inclined excavation in rock for the purpose of providing access to an ore body. Usually equipped with a hoist at the top that lowers and raises a conveyance for handling workers and materials.
Manufacturing Term
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Shipments Manufacturing
Manufacturers shipments measure the dollar value of products sold by manufacturing establishments and are based on net selling values, f.o.b. (free on board) plant, after discounts and allowances are excluded. Freight charges and excise taxes are excluded. Where the products of an industry are customarily delivered to distributors or consumers by the manufacturing establishment (such as in certain
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Short Ton
The equivalent of 2,000 pounds.
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Silicon Si
is a light chemical element that combines with oxygen and other elements to form silicates. Silica (SiO2) as quartz or quartzite is used to produce silicon ferroalloys and silicon metal. Demand for silicon ferroalloys is driven principally by the production of cast iron and steel. Small quantities of silicon are processed into high-purity silicon for use in the semiconductor industry. Semiconducto
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Silver
A very malleable metal found naturally in an uncombined state or with other metals. Of all the metals, pure silver has the whitest color, the highest optical reflectivity, and the highest thermal and electrical conductivity. Also, silver halides are photosensitive. Silver has many industrial applications such as in mirrors, electrical and electronic products, and photography. Silvers catalytic pro
Manufacturing Term
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Smelter
A metallurgical processing plant where ores or concentrates of minerals are smelted to produce metal. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Smelting
A thermal process whereby molten metal is obtained from a concentrate, with impurities separated into a lighter slag. Metal Mining Industry Operating Statistics
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Sodium Sulfate
is an inorganic chemical that has several important industrial uses. It is produced from naturally occurring sodium-sulfate-bearing brines or crystalline evaporite deposits, and as a byproduct from different chemical processes, such as ascorbic acid, battery acid recycling, boric acid, cellulose, chromium chemicals, lithium carbonate, rayon, resorcinol, and silica pigments. Chemical Manufacturing
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Steel
Metallic iron, from which steel is derived, must be extracted from iron ore. By definition, steel is a combination of iron with a small amount of carbon. Thousands of products having various chemical composition, forms, and sizes are made of iron and steel by casting, forging, and rolling processes. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Strip Casting
A technology that involves molten steel being cast in between two rotating rolls and then hardened into a hot rolled strip. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Titanium
As a metal, titanium is well known for corrosion resistance and for its high strength-to-weight ratio. Approximately 95% of titanium is consumed in the form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment in paints, paper, and plastics. TiO2 pigment is characterized by its purity, refractive index, particle size, and surface properties. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
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Tolling
The process of converting customer-owned material into specified products, which is then returned to the customer.
Manufacturing Term
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Ton metric ton
A unit of mass equivalent to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds.
Manufacturing Term
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USB Universal Serial Bus
Universal Serial Bus. A standard that provides a serial bus standard for connecting devices, usually to a computer. Computer Hardware Industry
Manufacturing Term
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Vertical Stud Soderberg Technology
A method of primary aluminum reduction using the Soderberg process in which the electrical current is introduced to self baking anodes by steel rods, or studs, inserted into the top of a monolithic anode.
Manufacturing Term
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VOCs Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds. A large family of carbon-containing com- pounds. When emitted into the atmo- sphere, some may contribute to ozone layer depletion and some may be toxic in high concentrations. Most contribute, in varying degrees, to the formation of ground level ozone in highly populated areas.
Manufacturing Term
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VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
Voice over Internet Protocol. The routing of voice conversations over the internet or any other internet protocol based network.
Manufacturing Term
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Wafer
A disk made of a semiconducting material, such as silicon, usually either 100, 125, 150, 200 or 300 millimeters in diameter, used to form the substrate of a chip. A finished wafer may contain several thousand chips. Semiconductors Industry
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White Goods
A term which refers to large household appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers and other similar items. Appliance & Tool Industry
Manufacturing Term
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Zeolites
Natural and synthetic zeolites are used commercially because of their unique adsorption, ion-exchange, molecular sieve, and catalytic properties. Major markets for natural zeolites are pet litter, animal feed, horticultural applications (soil conditioners and growth media), and wastewater treatment. Major use categories for synthetic zeolites are catalysts, detergents, molecular sieves.
Manufacturing Term
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Zinc
Bluish-white hard metal, occurring in various minerals, such as sphalerite (a zinc sulphide mineral, the most common ore mineral of zinc). Zinc uses range from metal products to rubber and medicines. About three-fourths of zinc used is consumed as metal, mainly as a coating to protect iron and steel from corrosion (galvanized metal), as alloying metal to make bronze and brass, as zinc-based die ca
Manufacturing Term
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Zinc Concentrate
Product of flotation process with a zinc content typically ranging between 45% and 60%. Iron & Steel Industry Operating Statistics
Manufacturing Term
