The United States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”) is a Delaware limited
partnership organized on September 2, 2009. BNO maintains its main business
office at 1999 Harrison Street, Suite 1530, Oakland, California 94612. BNO is
a commodity pool that issues limited partnership interests (“shares”)
traded on the NYSE Arca, Inc. (the “NYSE Arca”). It operates pursuant
to the terms of the Third Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership
dated as of March 1, 2013 (as amended from time to time, the “LP Agreement”),
which grants full management control to its general partner, United States Commodity
Funds LLC (“USCF”).
The investment objective of BNO is for the daily changes in percentage terms
of its shares’ per share net asset value (“NAV”) to reflect
the daily changes in percentage terms of the spot price of Brent crude oil,
as measured by the daily changes in the price of the futures contract for Brent
crude oil traded on the ICE Futures Europe Exchange (the “ICE Futures”),
that is the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract
is within two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be measured by the
futures contract that is the next month contract to expire (the “Benchmark
Futures Contract”), less BNO’s expenses. It is not the intent of
BNO to be operated in a fashion such that its per share NAV will equal, in dollar
terms, the spot price of Brent crude oil or any particular futures contract
based on Brent crude oil. It is not the intent of BNO to be operated in a fashion
such that its per share NAV will reflect the percentage change of the price
of any particular futures contract as measured over a time period greater than
one day. USCF believes that it is not practical to manage the portfolio to achieve
such an investment goal when investing in Futures Contracts (as defined below)
and Other Crude Oil-Related Investments (as defined below). BNO’s shares
began trading on June 2, 2010. USCF is the general partner of BNO and is responsible
for the management of BNO.
USCF is a single member limited liability company that was formed in the state
of Delaware on May 10, 2005. USCF maintains its main business office at 1999
Harrison Street, Suite 1530, Oakland, California 94612. USCF is a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Wainwright Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Wainwright”).
Mr. Nicholas Gerber (discussed below) controls Wainwright by virtue of his ownership
or control of a majority of Wainwright’s shares. Wainwright is a holding
company that currently holds both USCF, as well as USCF Advisers LLC, an investment
adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended. USCF
Advisers LLC serves as the investment adviser for the Stock Split Index Fund,
a series of the USCF ETF Trust. USCF ETF Trust is registered under the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Board of Trustees
for the USCF ETF Trust consists of different independent trustees than those
independent directors who serve on the Board of Directors of USCF. USCF is a
member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and registered
as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) on December 1, 2005 and as a Swaps
Firm on August 8, 2013.
USCF also serves as general partner or sponsor of the United States Oil Fund,
LP (“USO”), the United States Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNG”),
the United States 12 Month Oil Fund, LP (“USL”), the United States
Gasoline Fund, LP (“UGA”), the United States Diesel-Heating Oil
Fund, LP (“UHN”), the United States Short Oil Fund, LP (“DNO”),
the United States 12 Month Natural Gas Fund, LP (“UNL”), the United
States Brent Oil Fund, LP (“BNO”), the United States Commodity Index
Fund (“USCI”), the United States Copper Index Fund (“CPER”),
and the United States Agriculture Index Fund (“USAG”) are referred
to collectively herein as the “Related Public Funds.” USO, UNG,
USL, UHN, DNO, UNL, BNO, USCI, CPER, and USAG are actively operating funds and
all are listed on the NYSE Arca, and referred to collectively herein as the
“Related Public Funds.” The Related Public Funds are subject to
reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(the “Exchange Act”). For more information about each of the Related
Public Funds, investors in BNO may call 1.800.920.0259 or visit www.unitedstatescommodityfunds.com
An investment in the shares provides a means for diversifying an investor’s
portfolio or hedging exposure to changes in Brent crude oil prices. An investment
in the shares allows both retail and institutional investors to easily gain
this exposure to the Brent crude oil market in a transparent, cost-effective
manner.
The net assets of BNO consist primarily of investments in futures contracts
for crude oil, diesel-heating oil, gasoline, natural gas and other petroleum-based
fuels that are traded on the ICE Futures, the NYMEX, or other U.S. and foreign
exchanges (collectively, “Futures Contracts”) and, to a lesser extent,
in order to comply with regulatory requirements or in view of market conditions,
other crude oil-related investments such as cash-settled options on Futures
Contracts, forward contracts for oil, cleared swap contracts and non-exchange
traded over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions that are based on the
price of crude oil, other petroleum-based fuels, Futures Contracts and indices
based on the foregoing (collectively, “Other Crude Oil-Related Investments”).
For convenience and unless otherwise specified, Futures Contracts and Other
Crude Oil-Related Investments collectively are referred to as “Crude Oil
Interests” in this annual report on Form 10-K. BNO invests substantially
the entire amount of its assets in Futures Contracts while supporting such investments
by holding the amounts of its margin, collateral and other requirements relating
to these obligations-in short-term obligations of the United States of two years
or less (“Treasuries”), cash and cash equivalents. The daily holdings
of BNO are available on BNO’s website at www.unitedstatescommodityfunds.com.
The investment objective of BNO is for the daily changes in percentage terms
of its per share NAV to reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of the
spot price of Brent crude oil as measured by the daily changes in the price
of the futures contract on Brent crude oil traded on the ICE Futures that is
the near month contract to expire, except when the near month contract is within
two weeks of expiration, in which case it will be measured by the futures contract
that is the next month contract to expire (the “Benchmark Futures Contract”),
less BNO’s expenses. It is not the intent of BNO to be operated in a fashion
such that the per share NAV will equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of Brent
crude oil or any particular futures contract based on Brent crude oil. It is
not the intent of BNO to be operated in a fashion such that its per share NAV
will reflect the percentage change of the price of any particular futures contract
as measured over a time period greater than one day. BNO may invest in interests
other than the Benchmark Futures Contract to comply with accountability levels
and position limits. For a detailed discussion of accountability levels and
position limits.
USCF employs a “neutral” investment strategy in order to track changes
in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract regardless of whether the price
goes up or goes down. BNO’s “neutral” investment strategy
is designed to permit investors generally to purchase and sell BNO’s shares
for the purpose of investing indirectly in Brent crude oil in a cost-effective
manner, and/or to permit participants in the oil or other industries to hedge
the risk of losses in their Brent crude oil-related transactions. Accordingly,
depending on the investment objective of an individual investor, the risks generally
associated with investing in Brent crude oil and/or the risks involved in hedging
may exist. In addition, an investment in BNO involves the risk that the daily
changes in the price of BNO’s shares, in percentage terms, will not accurately
track the daily changes in the Benchmark Futures Contract, in percentage terms,
and that daily changes in the Benchmark Futures Contract, in percentage terms,
will not closely correlate with daily changes in the spot prices of crude oil,
in percentage terms.
The Benchmark Futures Contract is changed from the near month contract to the
next month contract over a four-day period. Each month the Benchmark Futures
Contract changes starting at the end of the day on the date two weeks prior
to expiration of the near month contract for that month. During the first three
days of the period, the applicable value of the Benchmark Futures Contract is
based on a combination of the near month contract and the next month contract
as follows: (1) day 1 consists of 75% of the then near month contract’s
price plus 25% of the price of the next month contract, divided by 75% of the
near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 25% of the price of
the next month contract, (2) day 2 consists of 50% of the then near month contract’s
price plus 50% of the price of the next month contract, divided by 50% of the
near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 50% of the price of
the next month contract and (3) day 3 consists of 25% of the then near month
contract’s price plus 75% of the price of the next month contract, divided
by 25% of the near month contract’s prior day’s price plus 75% of
the price of the next month contract. On day 4, the Benchmark Futures Contract
is the next month contract to expire at that time and that contract remains
the Benchmark Futures Contract until the beginning of the following month’s
change in the Benchmark Futures Contract over a four-day period.
On each day during the four-day period, USCF anticipates it will “roll”
BNO’s positions in Crude Oil Interests by closing, or selling, a percentage
of BNO’s positions in Crude Oil Interests and reinvesting the proceeds
from closing those positions in new Crude Oil Interests that reflect the change
in the Benchmark Futures Contract.
The anticipated dates that the monthly four-day roll period will commence are
posted on BNO’s website at www.unitedstatescommodityfunds.com, and are
subject to change without notice.
BNO’s total portfolio composition is disclosed on its website each business
day that the NYSE Arca is open for trading. The website disclosure of portfolio
holdings is made daily and includes, as applicable, the name and value of each
Crude Oil Interest, the specific types of Other Crude Oil-Related Investments
and characteristics of such Other Crude Oil-Related Investments, the name and
value of each Treasury and cash equivalent, and the amount of cash held in BNO’s
portfolio. BNO’s website is publicly accessible at no charge. BNO’s
assets used for margin and collateral are held in segregated accounts pursuant
to the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) and CFTC regulations.
The shares issued by BNO may only be purchased by Authorized Participants and
only in blocks of 50,000 shares, called “Creation Baskets”. The
amount of the purchase payment for a Creation Basket is equal to the aggregate
NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket. Similarly, only Authorized Participants
may redeem shares and only in blocks of 50,000 shares, called “Redemption
Baskets”. The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket
is equal to the aggregate NAV of shares in the Redemption Basket. The purchase
price for Creation Baskets, and the redemption price for Redemption Baskets
are the actual per share NAV calculated at the end of the business day when
a request for a purchase or redemption is received by BNO. The NYSE Arca publishes
an approximate per share NAV intra-day based on the prior day’s per share
NAV and the current price of the Benchmark Futures Contract, but the price of
Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets is determined based on the actual per
share NAV calculated at the end of the day.
In managing BNO’s assets, USCF does not use a technical trading system
that issues buy and sell orders. USCF instead employs a quantitative methodology
whereby each time a Creation Basket is sold, USCF purchases Crude Oil Interests,
such as the Benchmark Futures Contract, that have an aggregate market value
that approximates the amount of Treasuries and/or cash received upon the issuance
of the Creation Basket.
By remaining invested as fully as possible in Futures Contracts or Other Crude
Oil-Related Investments, USCF believes that the daily changes in percentage
terms in BNO’s per share NAV will continue to closely track the daily
changes in percentage terms in the price of the Benchmark Futures Contract.
USCF believes that certain arbitrage opportunities result in the price of the
shares traded on the NYSE Arca closely tracking the per share NAV of BNO. Additionally,
Futures Contracts traded on the ICE Futures have closely tracked the spot price
of Brent crude oil. Based on these expected interrelationships, USCF believes
that the daily changes in the price of BNO’s shares traded on the NYSE
Arca, on a percentage basis, have closely tracked and will continue to closely
track on a daily basis, the changes in the spot price of Brent crude oil, on
a percentage basis.